STRUCTURED CABLING

THE OSI MODEL: THE 7 LAYERS IN NETWORKING EXPLAINED

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) was developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1984 to enable different types of networks to be linked together. The model contains seven layers, as shown in the Figure below. These layers describe networking functions from the physical network interface to the software applications interfaces. The intent of the OSI model is to provide a framework for networking that ensures compatibility in the network hardware and software and to accelerate the development of new networking technologies. Physical layer Provides the electrical and mechanical connection to the network. Examples of technologies working in this layer are Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA)–related technologies, UTP, fiber, and network interface cards (NICs). It uses topologies: BUS, STAR, RING, MESH Communication modes: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex Hardware including ne...

PACKETS IN NETWORKING

In networking, packets are a smaller segments of large messages. When a message is sent over the internet, it is divided into packets. In other words, packets are small amount of data that are sent over the network. In accordance to a real life happening, the packets have a source and destination as well as content that are transferred from one place to another. To be more significant, the network breaks a messaged that is emailed into small size in bytes. The packets carry the data in the protocols that can be found on the internet: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). A Packet has a header and a payload. The header keeps overhead information about the packet, the service and other transmission related data. Each packet header contains proper protocols, originating address (The IP address of your computer), the destination address (The IP address to where you are sending the email to) and the packet number (1, 2, 3 o...

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